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A fact sheet that describes mastectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy, two surgeries that may be used to reduce breast cancer risk in women at very high risk, and nonsurgical options.

A fact sheet that describes breast reconstruction after mastectomy, including surgical options, follow-up care, and breast cancer screening after reconstruction.

For surgeons, removing a tumor is a balancing act. Cut out too much and you risk removing healthy tissues that have important functions. Remove too little and you may leave behind cancer cells that could grow back into a tumor over time. NIH-funded researchers are developing new technologies to help surgeons determine exactly where tumors end and healthy tissue begins. Their ultimate goal is to make surgery for cancer patients safer and more effective.

Breast cancer is treated in several ways. It depends on the kind of breast cancer and how far it has spread.

Cervical cancer is treated in several ways. It depends on the kind of cervical cancer and how far it has spread. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Breast cancer is treated in several ways. It depends on the kind of breast cancer and how far it has spread.

Different types of treatment are available for prostate cancer. You and your doctor will decide which treatment is right for you.

Learn about the causes, symptoms, and diagnosis of appendicitis, a digestive system infection treated with surgery or antibiotics.

Learn about Peyronie’s disease, the causes, how it develops, the risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options, and clinical trials.

Simple kidney cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can form in one or both of your kidneys. Simple kidney cysts are usually harmless and don’t cause symptoms.

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition in which urine flows backward from the bladder to one or both ureters and sometimes to the kidneys.

Monitor and control your solitary kidney function with urine and blood tests, imaging, blood pressure control, diet, and injury prevention.

Call 911 right away if you think you’re having a stroke. Stroke treatments work best when given quickly.

Learn about hysterectomy and your options from the Office on Women’s Health.

Describes symptoms, causes, and treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism where one or more enlarged parathyroid gland secretes too much parathyroid hormone.